DEALER A TRADE PROMOTION METHODS
DEALER A TRADE PROMOTION METHODS
*FREE GOODS:- Under this method the manufactures offers free product the resellers for purchasing certain quantity of product during the specified period.
*BUYING ALLOWANCES:-In this method product are at reduces prices to the resellers for buying specified qantity of product.
*DEALER TRADERS OR GIFT ITEMS:-In this method a gift is provided who purchase a specified quantity of product during specified tiem,the gift may be like ,t.v, freeze, wall clock etc.
*PUSH MONEY OR MERCHANDISE ALLOWANCE:-Push money is amount of money pay to the seller as bonus for undertaking promotion activities ,manufactures provides such money to the reatailers for,attractive displaying the product in their store,manufactures can provide such money to the wholesellers also for undertaking advertising in the local level.
*SALS CONTES:-In this methods sales contest are organized among the resellers and reward is given to the resellers who make maximum sales within the specified time ,reward may be in the form of cash or gift items.
*CREDIT FACILITY :-In this method the manufactures provide special credit facilities to the resellers for short period of time ,this method is used to make the reselleres more interested to carry new product.
by santosh
CONSUMERS PROMOTION METHODS
CONSUMERS PROMOTION METHODS
*FREE SAMPLE:-In this method free samples are given to the consumers for trial ,the sample can be mailed to the consumers, delivered door to door ,handed out in the retaiil sotes distributed in the central location or attach to another product it is suitable for low prive consumers product.
*COUPENS:-Coupens are certified they can be changed into cash or other product ,coupens can be enclosed in the product package handed out in the purchase time and inserted in the newspapers.
*DEMOSTRATION:-In this method product is demostrated in the actual use to the general public ,it is done in the retail store,central location trade exebition or consumers regedances ,it is effective for home appliances and other consumers durable goods.
*POINT -OF - PURCHASE:In this method product are displaed in the retail store to drew the attents of the consume ,it is used for the both new and existing product.
*PRICE -OFFS:-In this method product is offered at reduces price and the message price of give outside the product package or newspapers advertisement ,this method is use to promote the product during off seasons.
*CONSUMERS CONTESTS:-In this method consumers are invited to participate in a contents to win the prives ,this may be in the form of question answers or cross word ,the participates most send thier answers along with the empty pakages of the product.
*CONSUMERS SWEEP STAKES :-In this method consumers participate in lotteries for the participation they are required to submit their names with empty package of the product ,prices are drawn over all the collected names.
by santosh
OBJECTIVE OR IMPORTANCE OF SALES PROMOTION
OBJECTIVE OR IMPORTANCE OF SALES PROMOTION
*ATTRACT BUYERS :- Sales promotion attract new buyers the new buyers are incourage to buy the product ,by the extra benifits offered by the orgn in buying the product.
*INTRODUCE NEW PRODUCT :- Sales promotion is very useful to introduces new product in the market .the consumers do not know about the new product so in order to educated the consomers about new product the various sales promotion tools such as sample distribution,product demostration,participation in trade fair etc can be uses and such promotion activities also persuades the consumers to buy the product.
*INCOURAGE ADDITIONAL SALES :- Sales promotion encourage the and existing costomers to buy and use more product than usuall ,they buy the additional product during promotion period to take the advantage of sales promotion scheme.
*ATTRACT BUYER TO RETAIL STORE:- The retailler can uses some specific sales promotion tools such as price off , coupen, gift etc to attract the buyers to visit their store.
*COMPETITON WEAPON:- A marketing from can uses sales promotion as aweapon to compet with it's rival orgn.,.
*QUICK SALES :- Sales promotion helps to make quick sales unders sales promotion scheme facilites and benefits are provided for the specific period of time,so the buyres hasten to buy the product before the scheme period expires.
by santosh
[SALES PROMOTION]
[SALES PROMOTION]
MEANING AND FEATURE
Sales promotion is special types of promotion activity carrying earn by the orgn., to persuade the buyres to buy the product .it provides direct incentives to the buyers .it includes all the promotion acivities other than personall selling ,advertising and publishing .it includes the activity like free sample distribution,coupen ,free goods,gift ,product demostration ,price of discount price off product distribution,participation in trade fair etc.it has different features they are.
*INCENTIVE TOOLS:- Advertising and personal selling provides the reasons for buying the product but sales promotion provides direct incentives to the buyers the benifit may be free coupen ,price off,gift etc and such incentives are provided to estimulative buyers to buy the product.
*SHORT TERM:-Advertisign and pesonal selling are used for long term .sales promotion is launches for short period of time. generally it last from 7 days to 3 months.
* QUICKER AND GREATER SALES:-Sales promotion is always targeted at fast sales and higher sales volume of the producat ,various sales promotion tools persuade the new buyers to buy the product ,they also persuade the exjicting buyers to buy more of the product.
*DIRECTED AT CONSUMERS OR CHANNEL MEMBERS:- Sales promotion is directed either at consumers or channel members,the sales promotion tagetd at consumers is known consumers promotion ,sales promotion targeted as sales promotion is known as trade promotion.or dealer promotion ,different sales promotion tools are use for different target groups costumers promotion includes product demostration price of coupen ,gift etc. trade promotion include quantity discount ,free goods sales conte at creditfacility ,gift item etc.
by santosh
TYPES OF PERSONAL SELLING
TYPES OF PERSONAL SELLING
*RETAIL SELLING:- Retail selling the product the consumers through retail store or door to door visit .in door sales persons work at the store and they deal with the costomers visiting the soters and outdoor sales personal visit the potential costomers in their homes or offices and persuade them to buy the product.
*TRADE SELLING:-It involves selling the product to the retailers and wholesellers trade saales personal made regular contact to the wholeseller and retailers and receved bulk order from them,trade sales personal work either for wholeseller or manufactures.
*MISSIONARY SELLING:- In missionary selling missionary sales personal create demand for the product they do not directly sales the product .they visit retial staores and incourage them to place orders from the deailers and wholesellers they work for manufactures.
*INDUSTRIAL SELLING:-It involves selling the capital item like equipment ,machineres to the industrial users ,industrial sales personal are useually very well educated experience and train people they provides technical information and assitances.
by santosh
OBJECTIVE OF PERSONAL SELLING
OBJECTIVE OF PERSONAL SELLING
PERSONAL CONTACT:-Personal selling is used to inform and persuade the buyes through personal contact .the orgn. selling ,the sepeciality product ,need personal contact with the potential buyers to persuade them to make the sales.
*TO MEET THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE COSTUMERS:- Personal selling is used to meet the specific needs of the costimers generally people base services like beauty care ,health care,tailoring services are marketed through personal selling cause in such services the services providers has to meet the specific needs of the costomers.
*TO PROVIDES TECHNICAL ADVICE:-Personal selling is also used to provide technical advie and assistances help to the costomers generally,the orgn, selling the technical complecated goods like solar,washing machine uses personal selling with this objectives.
*TO CONVIENCE THE BUYERS STRONGLY :- Un sooght product (un wantede product) and high priced luxary item such as life insurane policy high price furniture ,jewellary need strong motivation to buyers for selling them, so orgn., selling such products uses personal selling to persuades the buyers strongly.
by santosh
PERSONAL SELLING
PERSONAL SELLING
MEANING AND FEATURES.
Personal selling is also one of the component of promotion mix,personal selling is personal communiction potential buyers with the objective of selling the product .it is an act of informing and persuoding the buyers through direct personal contact .it provides individual attention to each costumer.
FEATURES
*PERSONAL COMMUNTICATION:-It involves personal communication between buyers and sellers such communication take places through direct face to face contact or mechanical means (telephone ,internate etc.)
*TWO WAYCOMMUNICATION:-It invovles two way communication both the buyers and sellers express their views ,they talk with open mind so in personal selling the sales person not only provides the informtion about the product but also receved the feed back from the buyers.
*INFORMING AND PERSUODING :-Personal selling involves informing and persuoding the buyers sales persons provides the information about the product it's feartures uses and benefits to the potential buyers ,it also persuodes the buyers to buy the product.
by santosh
TYPES OF ADVERTISING MEDIA
TYPES OF ADVERTISING MEDIA
SELECTION OF ADVERTISING MEDIA :- The effective ness of communication of advertising message depeds on advertising media used ,the adverisement select the best media out of different advertising media for proper selection of media be must consider various factors.
*ADVERTISING OBJECTIVES :- Advertising is done with some objective so in media selection the objective of advertising should be consider for ex. if the objective of advertising is to inform the buyers about the product print media can be efficens and for persuading the buyers tv. is the best media ,similarly dispay media is used for reminding the buyers.
*NATURE OF PRODUCT:-Media should be suitable according to the nature of product .if the product are faishon related televison is suitable and for industrial product newspapers, commrecial managed direct man can be used.
*SCOPE OF MARKET :- If the scope of product market is nation wide the media with national coverge and circulation should be selected ,if the market for the product all fm. total magazine should be selected.
*ADVERTISING BUDGET:-Avaiability of budget for advertising also affect media selection differant media have differnt cost structure and ecluision is the more expensive media,radio,newspaper are companetively cheaper so, the advertiser should select the suitable media according to the budget availiable for advertising.
by santosh
SELECTION OF ADVERTISING MEDIA :- The effective ness of communication of advertising message depeds on advertising media used ,the adverisement select the best media out of different advertising media for proper selection of media be must consider various factors.
*ADVERTISING OBJECTIVES :- Advertising is done with some objective so in media selection the objective of advertising should be consider for ex. if the objective of advertising is to inform the buyers about the product print media can be efficens and for persuading the buyers tv. is the best media ,similarly dispay media is used for reminding the buyers.
*NATURE OF PRODUCT:-Media should be suitable according to the nature of product .if the product are faishon related televison is suitable and for industrial product newspapers, commrecial managed direct man can be used.
*SCOPE OF MARKET :- If the scope of product market is nation wide the media with national coverge and circulation should be selected ,if the market for the product all fm. total magazine should be selected.
*ADVERTISING BUDGET:-Avaiability of budget for advertising also affect media selection differant media have differnt cost structure and ecluision is the more expensive media,radio,newspaper are companetively cheaper so, the advertiser should select the suitable media according to the budget availiable for advertising.
by santosh
IMPOTANCE AR ROLE OF ADVERTISING
IMPOTANCE AR ROLE OF ADVERTISING
Advertising brings many advantages to the consumers ,many actures and resellers, at present advertising plays importance role in marketing ,it's imps can be explained on the basis of several points.
INCREASES SALES VOLUME:-Advertising increases the sales volume of the orgn by stimulting demand for each product.
PROVIDES WIDER COMMUNICATION APPROACH :-Advertising provides the infromation about the product and orgnization to a large no.of customers at a time. it can reach wher the sales people cannot approach.
SUPPOTS OTHER PROMOTION TOOLS:-Advertising supports other promotion tools perticularly personal selling and sales promotion,sometimes advertsement is design to support the sales promotion skim of the orgn by providing the information about such skims to potential buyers similarly advertising is also done to support the travelling sales persons by infroming the potential buyers about visit.
CREATES PRODUCT AWARENESS:-Advertising provides the information about the product its price features uses and benefit such information developes the products awareness among buyers .
BUILDS IMAGE OF THE ORGN AND ITS PRINTS:- Advertising increases the reputatien of the orgn adn image of it s product frequent and constant advertising creates favourable impression in the minds of the buyers about the orgn and its products.
BUSINESS EXPANSION:- Advertising helps the business form to expand their business by creative new customer and new market for their product.
SAVES TIME OF CONSUMERS:-Advertising provides usefull information about the product their features places of availability ,benefits etc,so,with the help of advertising consumers can obatain right product at competitive price with minimum time.
AIDS TO SALES PERSON AND MIDDLEMEN:- Consumer get clear and detail information about the product through adverting ,such it becomes very easy and convinent to the sales person and middlemen to the sales person and middlemen to sales such advertised product.
by santosh
OBJECTIVE OF ADVERTSING
OBJECTIVE OF ADVERTSING
The basic objective of advertising is to increase the sales volume and profit of the organization ,however advertising is used to achieve one or more of following objective :-
INFORMING:- Most business form is used advertising to inform the buyes about the product it's price ,feature place of abability ,benefit etc.
PERSUADING :-Most advertising program are launched to persuade the buyers to buy the advertised the product.
REMINDING:-Some advertise ment are desing just to remind the buyers about the organization and product.
SUPPORTING OTHER PROMOTION TOOLS:- Some advertisement are build to support the sales promotion skims and perosnal selling of the orgn.
IMAGE BUILD:-Advertising is alos done to create product image and goodwill of the organization.
REACH TO MASS PEOPLE :- Advertising is mass communicate media so most advertising is done to reach a large numbers of people at a single effort.
by santosh
ADVERSTISING
ADVERSTISING
MEANING AND FEATURES:-
Advertising is one of the imps components of promotion mix, advertising is th eprocess of communication with group of people and reather tahn individeal that means advertising communication the message to a large group of people at a time ,it is an inpersonal communication as their are no direct contact between the advertiser and target audiance it has different features they are:-
MASS COMMUNICATION:-Advertising is mass communication media it reaches a large group of people at the time,that means it communicate the information about it's product ,the orgn to large group of people at a time.
NON-PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:-It does not involves direct face to face contact between the advertiser and target audicances so it does not need the physical present of advertiser to communicate .
it is not address to a person as in personal selling.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:-Business firm uses advertising with specific objetive and the objective may be to inform persuade remind and re-assure the buyers.
COST INVOLVEMENT:-The advertising is paid form of communication,it involves various coast that are paid by the advertiser ,measuer coast involve in advertising are re-search expenses ,massage desing ing expenses,development and production of massage expenses,media coast and adminstrative expenses.
COMPETITION WEAPON:-At present business form is used advertising as a powerfull weapon to win the competition.
INDENTIFIABLE WITH THE SPONSOR:-The advertising is used to publisize the orgnization and its product so the identity of the sponser is known through its name ,symbol or logo uses in advertising message.
DELIVERY THROUGH VAROUS MEDIA:-The advertising is deliver to the target audiance through various media ,their are various media available to the advertisier ,they are be broadly classified into tw groups as indoor advertising media and outdoor advertising media.
Indoor advertising media includes print media like mewspaper,magazine ,jounals and electronic media like radio ,tv etc. out door advertiser media includes postor ,banner,hourding board ,sandwich-men etc.
VARIOUS TARGET GROUP:-Advertising may be targetd at the consumer ,industrial users,middle men and professonal ,it may be targeted to promote the products or to build the image of the organization.
by santosh
FINANCE INTRODUCTION
FINANCE
FUNCTION OF FINANCE :-
* investing decision
* financial decision
* dividerd "
*equitity "
note:-goal of finance /firm
* agency relationship]
T he term"finance" is a most widely used word in the field of economic activity .in ordinary sense the term " finance" denotes money .finance is regarded as t he life-blood of business systems.as a human beings cannot live without blood so,business cannot run without finance.it is regarded as the key to success of a business firm .finance consists of money ,credit ,stock,bond etc.finance can be defined as art and science of managing money.the management of money means spending or invest of money.
"finance is the means by which funds are obtained and the methods by which these funds are managed and allocated .it implies that finance is both art and science ,it is science cause it provides knowledge as to how and at what time a firm should invest to outstrip other firms.on the other hand finance is also an art .the financial mangers should examine the different alternatives related to the raising and managing money .they should formulate the models to pr edict the results obtained from the use of any one alternative in this way finance is the combination of an art and science.
by santosh
FINANCE
FUNCTION OF FINANCE :-
* investing decision
* financial decision
* dividerd "
*equitity "
note:-goal of finance /firm
* agency relationship]
T he term"finance" is a most widely used word in the field of economic activity .in ordinary sense the term " finance" denotes money .finance is regarded as t he life-blood of business systems.as a human beings cannot live without blood so,business cannot run without finance.it is regarded as the key to success of a business firm .finance consists of money ,credit ,stock,bond etc.finance can be defined as art and science of managing money.the management of money means spending or invest of money.
"finance is the means by which funds are obtained and the methods by which these funds are managed and allocated .it implies that finance is both art and science ,it is science cause it provides knowledge as to how and at what time a firm should invest to outstrip other firms.on the other hand finance is also an art .the financial mangers should examine the different alternatives related to the raising and managing money .they should formulate the models to pr edict the results obtained from the use of any one alternative in this way finance is the combination of an art and science.
by santosh
REASONS FOR PRODUCT FAILURE
Mnay products are introduce in the market every years and same product become sucessful and some become failure,a product is said to fail when it dosen't bring an adequate profit as expected .the main symptoms of products failure to decreasing sales decreasing profit market .they are several reasons responsible for product failures.
*product defects:-the main reason for product is the product being defective .the product defects may be improper design ,lack of the durability defect in product function ,poor packaging or lack of uniforoity in quality.
*fast competition:-some times competitors may enter into the market immediatley and they can enter with better new products,as a result ,the product will fail casue fnatility to copy with competition.
pricing:-pricing also cause the product failure if the product is higher priced .the consumer can't offerd it.it the product is under price the consumer may received the product if ,low quality as result the product comes to fail.
*timing:- new product should be lunched in the market on timely,it may cause the product failure.
*promotion:-product may also fail due to inadequate and ineffective ,promotional activities .
*channel problems:-new products may get failure due to inapproprate channels and unnecessary middle men.
*entry of many new products:-too many new products entering the market may also course a product failure.
by santosh marketing.
MENTAL DISEASE
Their are two types of major mental disease,one is neurosis and another is sicosis ,we see neurosis is simple and sicosis is depth hard disease;we can able to know about what happend with us,when we get and feel the depration or frustation and worryness,but in depth hard disease, in this stage we don't know what we do and we not do ,that is not in their own self and they don't know about their activities,means their sense is unable to work and they can't control their own this stage by themself,they can do ubnoramal work and inactivities such as like ,walked naked and sleep anywhere any time ,donot eat at longtime ,etc.
so, if we do not aware and care and do careless about it's disease then in simple mental diseases stage also can become a depth hard difficult diesease at later,in our infront seems mental diseases r like derpration ,frustation and dullness mind, hapatitist,hislairiay etc are major so, according my advice,i do humble request with advice to all of u, we must to do medicare at time ,asd we know mental disease seems to all of us .which is happend in certain time and afterhead it's become alright,but we must to know that simple diseases only happend for certain tine, but it's repeet more and more times then we must to know that ,it's not simple disease,so we must to care and aware adn do prevent ofthis and do medicare of it's at time.
by santosh
EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
Men are inded very selfish ,they know the value of good education ; but they do not allow women to get enjoy good education n advantages of education,they thought and say that women have their house hold work,they r afraid that women will neglect their duties if they r educated ,but this is not fiar and true ,in fact education helps them to do their duties better , in my according advice ,that a women's role is more important than a man's , a chil's future depends upon early educations; but an uneducated mother cannot give this to her child .e must understand that the education of women is very important for social welfare and in this new generation it is their right ,which have we must to respect and give them is t oppertunities and best advise ,inspire to them to get education ,then they become help full to our all life time.
by santosh
THE LOST LOVE
She dwelt among the untrodden ways.
beside the springs of dove;
a maid whom ther were none to praise,
and very few to love.
a violet by a mossy stone
half hidden from the eye!
fair as a star,when only arise is shining in the shy.
she lived unknown ,and few could know
when luey ceased to be;
but she is in her grave ,and oh'
the difference to me!
NEED FOR PRODUCT INNOVATION
NEED FOR PRODUCT INNOVATION
Porduct innovation is the process of developing of new product ,it is a continous process of developing of new product,it is a continuos process in an orgn casue every product becomes out of we after certain period of time ,if a business firm face to develop new product it will be very difficult for the firm to survive in the market ,their are several reasons that create need for product innovation.
*firms growth:- every firm has a great desire to grow and to dominate the market ,it is possinle only when it can develop new things and provide new product to the marjet therefore product innvovation is essential for the growth of firm.
*change in technology :-technology chage is a continous process developement of new technology makes and the existing product out of date or use or fashion casuse people keep interest in the products based on advanced technology so the orgn must developed new product to replace the product based on old technology.
*change in consumer preference:- consumer hied taste ,preference ,fashion donot remain contand orgn should develop new product to meet the changing requirement of the consumer .
*increase in competition:- these days have very complicated in this situation a business orgn can exist and make profit only when it can produce new things and provide new produces to the consumers,so, product innovation s essential to exist in the cpmpetition.
*utilization of waste product:- a business orgn need to innovate the new product to utilize waste from the present product.
MANAGERIAL FINANCE IN THE TWENTIETH IST CENTURY
MANAGERIAL FINANCE IN THE TWENTIETH IST CENTURY
When managerial finances emerged as a separate field of study in the early 1900s 'the emphasis was on the legal aspects of merger formation of new firms and the various types of securities that firms could issue to raise funds.this was if time when industrialization was sweeping the country's:"big" was considered during the great depression of the 1930showever,an unprecedented numbers of business failures caused the emphasis in finance s to shift to bankrupted and reorganization to corporate liquidity and to regulation of security market during the 1940s and early 1950s finance continued to be taught as a descriptive institutional subject ,viewed more from the stand point of an outsides rather than from that of management but with the advent of the computer for generial business uses ,the focus begans to shift towards the insider's point of view and the importances of financeial decision making to the firm. a movements towards theoretically analysis began during the 1960s and focus of managerial finances shifted to mangerial decisions regaridng the choices of assets and liabilitis necessary to maximize the valuse of firm. the focus on valuations continued through the 1980s ,but analysis was expanded to include
*deregulation of financial institutions and the resulting trend towards large,broadly diversified financial srevices companies .
*the dramatic increase in both the use of computers for analysis and electronic transfer of information.
*the increased importance of global markets and business operations .in today's fast-paced' technologically driven world the area if managerial finance continues to evolve.but to this point the tow most important trends during the 1990s have been the continued globalization of business and a further increase in the use of electronic technology.
by publish santosh
When managerial finances emerged as a separate field of study in the early 1900s 'the emphasis was on the legal aspects of merger formation of new firms and the various types of securities that firms could issue to raise funds.this was if time when industrialization was sweeping the country's:"big" was considered during the great depression of the 1930showever,an unprecedented numbers of business failures caused the emphasis in finance s to shift to bankrupted and reorganization to corporate liquidity and to regulation of security market during the 1940s and early 1950s finance continued to be taught as a descriptive institutional subject ,viewed more from the stand point of an outsides rather than from that of management but with the advent of the computer for generial business uses ,the focus begans to shift towards the insider's point of view and the importances of financeial decision making to the firm. a movements towards theoretically analysis began during the 1960s and focus of managerial finances shifted to mangerial decisions regaridng the choices of assets and liabilitis necessary to maximize the valuse of firm. the focus on valuations continued through the 1980s ,but analysis was expanded to include
*deregulation of financial institutions and the resulting trend towards large,broadly diversified financial srevices companies .
*the dramatic increase in both the use of computers for analysis and electronic transfer of information.
*the increased importance of global markets and business operations .in today's fast-paced' technologically driven world the area if managerial finance continues to evolve.but to this point the tow most important trends during the 1990s have been the continued globalization of business and a further increase in the use of electronic technology.
by publish santosh
MANAGERIAL FINANCE
MANAGERIAL FINANCE:-
Managerial finance is the broadest of the three areas, and the one with the greatest numbers of job opportunities managerial finances is imported in all types of business,weather they are public or private ,deal with financial services ,or are manufacture.the types of job are encounters in managerial finances range from decisions regarding plant expansions to choosing what types of securities to issue to finance expansion.financial mangers also have the responsibility for deciding the credit terms under which customers can buy ,how much investory the firm should carry ,how much cash to keep on hand ,wheather to acuire other firms (merger analysis) ,and how much of firms earnings to placed back into the business verson pay out as dividend ,regardless of which area u go into ,we will need to have some knowledge of all three,for example a banker lending to businesses cannot perform well without a good understanding of managerial finances, cause he or she must be able to judge how well business is operated,the same holds for one of merrill lynch's securites analysis and even stock brokers must have an understanding of general financial principles if they r to give intelligent advices to their customers . at same time corporate financial mangers need to know what their bankers are thinking about and how investors are likely to judge their coporations performances and thus determine their stock prices ,so ,if u decide to make finances ur career ,u'll need to know something about all three areas.
by santosh
Managerial finance is the broadest of the three areas, and the one with the greatest numbers of job opportunities managerial finances is imported in all types of business,weather they are public or private ,deal with financial services ,or are manufacture.the types of job are encounters in managerial finances range from decisions regarding plant expansions to choosing what types of securities to issue to finance expansion.financial mangers also have the responsibility for deciding the credit terms under which customers can buy ,how much investory the firm should carry ,how much cash to keep on hand ,wheather to acuire other firms (merger analysis) ,and how much of firms earnings to placed back into the business verson pay out as dividend ,regardless of which area u go into ,we will need to have some knowledge of all three,for example a banker lending to businesses cannot perform well without a good understanding of managerial finances, cause he or she must be able to judge how well business is operated,the same holds for one of merrill lynch's securites analysis and even stock brokers must have an understanding of general financial principles if they r to give intelligent advices to their customers . at same time corporate financial mangers need to know what their bankers are thinking about and how investors are likely to judge their coporations performances and thus determine their stock prices ,so ,if u decide to make finances ur career ,u'll need to know something about all three areas.
by santosh
MONEY AND CAPITAL MARKETS:
MONEY AND CAPITAL MARKETS:
Many finance majors go to work for financial institutions ,including banks ,insurance companies ,saving and loans and credits unions ,for success here once needs a knowledge of the factors that cause interest rates to rise and fall .the regulations to which financial institutions are sub, and various types of financial instruments(mortgages,auto loans,certificates of deposit, and so on).one also need a general knowledge of all aspects of business administration,because the management of a financial institution involves accounting ,marketing, personal and computer systems as well as managerial finance.
INVESTMENTS:Finance graduates who go into investment generally work for stock brokerage Finns,banks ,investments companies of insurances companies the three main functions in the investments area are given below:-
*sales
*the analysis of individual securities
* determination if optional mix of securities for a given investors,as a finance graduates ,u might get job performing any one or some combination of these tasks.
by santosh
Many finance majors go to work for financial institutions ,including banks ,insurance companies ,saving and loans and credits unions ,for success here once needs a knowledge of the factors that cause interest rates to rise and fall .the regulations to which financial institutions are sub, and various types of financial instruments(mortgages,auto loans,certificates of deposit, and so on).one also need a general knowledge of all aspects of business administration,because the management of a financial institution involves accounting ,marketing, personal and computer systems as well as managerial finance.
INVESTMENTS:Finance graduates who go into investment generally work for stock brokerage Finns,banks ,investments companies of insurances companies the three main functions in the investments area are given below:-
*sales
*the analysis of individual securities
* determination if optional mix of securities for a given investors,as a finance graduates ,u might get job performing any one or some combination of these tasks.
by santosh
FINANCE
FINANCE
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN FINANCE
The study of finance consists of three interrelated areas;
*money and capitals markets,which deals with many of the topics covered in macroeconomics
*investments ,which focuses on the decisions of individuals and financial and other institutions as they choose securities for their investments portfolios.*managerial finance ,or "business finance" which involve the actual management of the firm.although our concern in this text primarily is with managerial finance,each of these areas is related ,so a financial manger should have a good understanding of capital market oprations and the way investors evaluate and choose securiteis .the carreer opportunities within wach field are many and varied ,but financial mangers must have a knowledge of all three areas if they r to do their jobs well.
the purpose of this section ist o give u a general idea of the areas in which finance graduates can expect to work.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN FINANCE
The study of finance consists of three interrelated areas;
*money and capitals markets,which deals with many of the topics covered in macroeconomics
*investments ,which focuses on the decisions of individuals and financial and other institutions as they choose securities for their investments portfolios.*managerial finance ,or "business finance" which involve the actual management of the firm.although our concern in this text primarily is with managerial finance,each of these areas is related ,so a financial manger should have a good understanding of capital market oprations and the way investors evaluate and choose securiteis .the carreer opportunities within wach field are many and varied ,but financial mangers must have a knowledge of all three areas if they r to do their jobs well.
the purpose of this section ist o give u a general idea of the areas in which finance graduates can expect to work.
The 6 Advantages Forex Trading Has Over Other Investments
The 6 Advantages Forex Trading Has Over Other Investments
There are many different advantages to trading forex instead of futures or stocks, such as:
1. Lower Margin
Just like futures and stock speculation, a forex trader has the ability to control a large amount of the currency basically by putting up a small amount of margin. However, the margin requirements that are needed for trading futures are usually around 5% of the full value of the holding, or 50% of the total value of the stocks, the margin requirements for forex is about 1%. For example, margin required to trade foreign exchange is $1000 for every $100,000. What this means is that trading forex, a currency trader's money can play with 5-times as much value of product as a futures trader's, or 50 times more than a stock trader's. When you are trading on margin, this can be a very profitable way to create an investment strategy, but it's important that you take the time to understand the risks that are involved as well. You should make sure that you fully understand how your margin account is going to work. You will want to be sure that you read the margin agreement between you and your clearing firm. You will also want to talk to your account representative if you have any questions.
The positions that you have in your account could be partially or completely liquidated on the chance that the available margin in your account falls below a predetermined amount. You may not actually get a margin call before your positions are liquidated. Because of this, you should monitor your margin balance on a regular basis and utilize stop-loss orders on every open position to limit downside risk.
2. No Commission and No Exchange Fees
When you trade in futures, you have to pay exchange and brokerage fees. Trading forex has the advantage of being commission free. This is far better for you. Currency trading is a worldwide inter-bank market that lets buyers to be matched with sellers in an instant.
Even though you do not have to pay a commission charge to a broker to match the buyer up with the seller, the spread is usually larger than it is when you are trading futures. For example, if you were trading a Japanese Yen/US Dollar pair, forex trade would have about a 3 point spread (worth $30). Trading a JY futures trade would most likely have a spread of 1 point (worth $10) but you would also be charged the broker's commission on top of that. This price could be as low as $10 in-and-out for self-directed online trading, or as high as $50 for full-service trading. It is however, all inclusive pricing though. You are going to have to compare both online forex and your specific futures commission charge to see which commission is the greater one.
3. Limited Risk and Guaranteed Stops
When you are trading futures, your risk can be unlimited. For example, if you thought that the prices for Live Cattle were going to continue their upward trend in December 2003, just before the discovery of Mad Cow Disease found in US cattle. The price for it after that fell dramatically, which moved the limit down several days in a row. You would not have been able to leave your position and this could have wiped out the entire equity in your account as a result. As the price just kept on falling, you would have been obligated to find even more money to make up the deficit in your account.
4. Rollover of Positions
When futures contracts expire, you have to plan ahead if you are going to rollover your trades. Forex positions expire every two days and you need to rollover each trade just so that you can stay in your position.
5. 24-Hour Marketplace
With futures, you are generally limited to trading only during the few hours that each market is open in any one day. If a major news story breaks out when the markets are closed, you will not have a way of getting out of it until the market reopens, which could be many hours away. Forex, on the other hand, is a 24/5 market. The day begins in New York, and follows the sun around the globe through Europe, Asia, Australia and back to the US again. You can trade any time you like Monday-Friday.
6. Free market place
Foreign exchange is perhaps the largest market in the world with an average daily volume of US$1.4 trillion. That is 46 times as large as all the futures markets put together! With the huge number of people trading forex around the globe, it is very hard for even governments to control the price of their own currency.
by santosh
http://www.forex-santoshshre.blogspot.com
.shrestha.com
learn Currency Trade — Intro to The FOREX Market
learn Currency Trade — Intro to The FOREX Market
The Foreign Exchange Market — better known as Forex — is a world wide market for buying and selling currencies.
It handles a huge volume of transactions 24 hours a day, 5 days a week. Daily exchanges are worth approximately $1.5 trillion (US dollars). In comparison, the United States Treasury Bond market averages $300 billion a day and American stock markets exchange about $100 billion a day.
The Foreign Exchange Market was established in 1971 with the abolishment of fixed currency exchanges. Currencies became valued at 'floating' rates determined by supply and demand. The Forex grew steadily throughout the 1970's, but with the technological advances of the 80's Forex grew from trading levels of $70 billion a day to the current level of $1.5 trillion.
The Forex is made up of about 5000 trading institutions such as international banks, central government banks (such as the US Federal Reserve), and commercial companies and brokers for all types of foreign currency exchange.
There is no centralized location of Forex — major trading centers are located in New York, Tokyo, London, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, and Frankfurt, and all trading is by telephone or over the Internet. Businesses use the market to buy and sell products in other countries, but most of the activity on the Forex is from currency traders who use it to generate profits from small movements in the market.
Even though there are many huge players in Forex, it is accessible to the small investor thanks to recent changes in the regulations. Previously, there was a minimum transaction size and traders were required to meet strict financial requirements. With the advent of Internet trading, regulations have been changed to allow large interbank units to be broken down into smaller lots.
Each lot is worth about $100,000 and is accessible to the individual investor through 'leverage' — loans extended for trading. Typically, lots can be controlled with a leverage of 100:1 meaning that US$1,000 will allow you to control a $100,000 currency exchange.
There are many advantages to trading in Forex, including:
— Liquidity: Because of the size of the Foreign Exchange Market, investments are extremely liquid. International banks are continuously providing bid and ask offers and the high number of transactions each day means there is always a buyer or a seller for any currency.
— Accessibility: The market is open 24 hours a day, 5 days a week. The market opens Monday morning Australian time and closes Friday afternoon New York time. Trades can be done on the Internet from your home or office.
— Open Market: Currency fluctuations are usually caused by changes in national economies. News about these changes is accessible to everyone at the same time — there can be no 'insider trading' in Forex.
— No commission Fees: Brokers earn money by setting a 'spread' — the difference between what a currency can be bought at and what it can be sold at.
How does the foreign currency exchange market work?
Currencies are always traded in pairs — the US dollar against the Japanese yen, or the English pound against the euro. Every transaction involves selling one currency and buying another, so if an investor believes the euro will gain against the dollar, he will sell dollars and buy euros.
The potential for profit exists because there is always movement between currencies. Even small changes can result in substantial profits because of the large amount of money involved in each transaction.
At the same time, it can be a relatively safe market for the individual investor. There are safeguards built in to protect both the broker and the investor and a number of software tools exist to minimize loss.
It handles a huge volume of transactions 24 hours a day, 5 days a week. Daily exchanges are worth approximately $1.5 trillion (US dollars). In comparison, the United States Treasury Bond market averages $300 billion a day and American stock markets exchange about $100 billion a day.
The Foreign Exchange Market was established in 1971 with the abolishment of fixed currency exchanges. Currencies became valued at 'floating' rates determined by supply and demand. The Forex grew steadily throughout the 1970's, but with the technological advances of the 80's Forex grew from trading levels of $70 billion a day to the current level of $1.5 trillion.
The Forex is made up of about 5000 trading institutions such as international banks, central government banks (such as the US Federal Reserve), and commercial companies and brokers for all types of foreign currency exchange.
There is no centralized location of Forex — major trading centers are located in New York, Tokyo, London, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris, and Frankfurt, and all trading is by telephone or over the Internet. Businesses use the market to buy and sell products in other countries, but most of the activity on the Forex is from currency traders who use it to generate profits from small movements in the market.
Even though there are many huge players in Forex, it is accessible to the small investor thanks to recent changes in the regulations. Previously, there was a minimum transaction size and traders were required to meet strict financial requirements. With the advent of Internet trading, regulations have been changed to allow large interbank units to be broken down into smaller lots.
Each lot is worth about $100,000 and is accessible to the individual investor through 'leverage' — loans extended for trading. Typically, lots can be controlled with a leverage of 100:1 meaning that US$1,000 will allow you to control a $100,000 currency exchange.
There are many advantages to trading in Forex, including:
— Liquidity: Because of the size of the Foreign Exchange Market, investments are extremely liquid. International banks are continuously providing bid and ask offers and the high number of transactions each day means there is always a buyer or a seller for any currency.
— Accessibility: The market is open 24 hours a day, 5 days a week. The market opens Monday morning Australian time and closes Friday afternoon New York time. Trades can be done on the Internet from your home or office.
— Open Market: Currency fluctuations are usually caused by changes in national economies. News about these changes is accessible to everyone at the same time — there can be no 'insider trading' in Forex.
— No commission Fees: Brokers earn money by setting a 'spread' — the difference between what a currency can be bought at and what it can be sold at.
How does the foreign currency exchange market work?
Currencies are always traded in pairs — the US dollar against the Japanese yen, or the English pound against the euro. Every transaction involves selling one currency and buying another, so if an investor believes the euro will gain against the dollar, he will sell dollars and buy euros.
The potential for profit exists because there is always movement between currencies. Even small changes can result in substantial profits because of the large amount of money involved in each transaction.
At the same time, it can be a relatively safe market for the individual investor. There are safeguards built in to protect both the broker and the investor and a number of software tools exist to minimize loss.
accuracy balance credibilite
by advise of santosh
LINK REFER.SANTOSH
